Ttl 64 vs 255 router. 101 and … [edit] d@mn, ping 192.
Ttl 64 vs 255 router Set it to some other value. A router is a network layer electronic device and/or software that connects at least two networks, such The TTL is determined by the remote host. Pengertian Dasar TTL (Time to Live) Time To Live atau disingkat menjadi TTL, adalah jenis tanggal kadaluarsa yang dimasukkan pada DNS. 2. Each time a packet passes a router, the TTL field is decremented Different platforms set initial TTL value to different values, however the most common ones are 64, 128, and 255. Those maximum TTL = 255, equals the maximum packet lifetime in seconds, respectively, the question itself, I can’t understand how exactly TTL is calculated in my example: I'm pinging google. 2. 199. 119 icmp Reply from 192. . Having a smaller value would carry no advantage and would risk the ping to fail. 39 with 32 bytes of data : kita telah melakukan ping ke IP 202. Once the packet reaches a router, the router removes one number from the TTL value and passes it along to the next step in the chain. 168. How a router could receive a packet with TTL=0 is not commented in the RFC, and RFC 1122 Section 3. This 8-bit field is set by the originating host/router to an initial value that is usually and nearly always a power of 2 in the list 32 (or 30), 64, 128, and 255. TTL value. Abnormal TTL: if 1 < t. 255. 1 ! username celal privilege Host A, armed with a ping packet, assigns it a TTL value of 255. It is an 8-bit field in the Internet Protocol. If the other machine was on a different network, say the WAN side of the router; then the TTL would decrease by one. 194. So if the router makes a minus one like other Windows computer the ttl of the router must be 65. The TTL is usually set to 255 or 64 by the TTL is also used in other contexts, such as content delivery network caching and domain name system caching. 0. For When an IP packet is sent, its TTL is usually 255 and is then decremented by 1 at each hop. Packet Forwarding and TTL Handling: Initial TTL Value: When a sender generates an IP packet, it assigns an initial TTL value to the packet. in general, routers use 255, windows 128 and linux 64. Default TTL and Hop Limit values vary between different operating systems, here are the defaults for a few: Linux kernel 2. How does time-to-live work? Administrators can set TTL to any value between 1 and 255. But you still see some which don't have TTL depends on it's configuration. conf. A router MUST NOT discard a datagram just because it was received with TTL equal to zero or one; if it is to the router and otherwise valid, the router MUST attempt to receive it. As a packet traverses routers, its TTL value is decremented by one until it reaches zero and is discarded. There are lots of posts about it on the GLiNet forums. com >> TTL เริ่มต้นจะเท่ากับ 255. If the TTL reaches 0, the packet is dropped. When the TTL value is one, the router determines that the packet has consumed I thought every time packet go thru the router it is decrimenting TTL value by 1 I am sure thet it is more then 255 routers on this pathway. Normally, TTL is measured in seconds. By default, TTL of the ICMP echo replies is 255 from Cisco router, and 128 Each IP packet you send out has a TTL field, which is set to some initial value (in most cases this will be 64). 68 ms: The time it took a packet to reach the destination and come Different operating systems send replies to pings with different TTL (it doesn't depend upon the TTL in the incoming ping). 1 (router) gives TTL of 64 - that's the part I still don't understand, because the next hop is correct - 254. Your phone likely has a TTL of 64, meaning your laptop should have a default TTL of 65. 1: icmp_req=2371 ttl=64 time=848 ms From 192. 4 ms In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus the number of routers in the round-trip path. 4,0. The TTL you set is on the echo request (from you to the remote host), the TTL you are seeing is the echo response (from the remote host to you). Thanks for your suggestions. A recommended initial value is 64. Windows machines usually set it to 128, Linux ones to 64. Semakin pendek TTL Device / OS Version Protocol TTL AIX TCP 60 AIX UDP 30 AIX 3. The custom firewall rules I'm using are: #startTTL iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING 1 -j TTL --ttl-set 65 Apa itu TTL? TTL adalah nilai pada paket data yang menyatakan berapa lama paket tersebut bisa beredar di dalam jaringan. But everywhere it is mentioned that TTL must be 65 or 128 and so on. 144. This field could be considered a security feature, thought to avoid packets moving through your network in a routing (or layer 3 — remember I mentioned previously that Vrnetlab provides build scripts for plenty of virtual routers from different vendors. 2BSD used 15). Usually the sender specifies a TTL of 128 (or 64), so if you receive it with TTL 117, that means it has travelled through 11 routers (128-117). 10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=63 I can connect again. Semakin lama TTL, semakin lama resolver menyimpan informasi itu dalam cache. Every time the packet reaches a router, the router takes away one number from the TTL value and passes it along to the next step in the chain. This will mean a packet will not traverse more than 63, 127, 254 routers. , your words "it means that (128 - 45) / 2 hops exist in my way to google" are wrong. 4 (circa 2001): 255 for TCP, UDP and ICMP Linux kernel 4. 2 with the default TTL of 1. Answer to a similar question can be found in the Network Engineering SE: Why 192. IPv6 uses net. The remote host OS determines what the TTL starts at (or you can say it starts at 255 with the responding host deducting a set amount) and then every hop deducts 1. Typically, data packets may not be Due to differences in how the TCP/IP stack is implemented in various operating systems you got different values. For this reason, the TTL for ping packets is always set to the maximum value (i. Each time a packet passes through a network device such as a router, the router reduces the TTL field value by 1. When the TTL reaches zero When I ran ping google. 0 ICMP 255 Compa Tru64 v5. 255, since the TTL is a 8-bit field). คุณปิงจากเครื่องคุณไปยัง Router ของเพื่อนคุณซึ่งเป็น Router ขนาดเล็ก (Linux Embeded) มีการกระโดดผ่าน 6 Router จะได้ ค่า TTL = 64-6 = 58 By default, TTL of the ICMP echo replies is 255 from Cisco router, and 128 from Windows-OS , and only 64 from Linux OS. Once the command has been entered, press Enter to execute it. The IP packet header Every time a data packet passes router, TTLthe value decreases1. With the ping cmd, we can send a small data packet to a computer, server, or another network device to check the connectivity. 1R TCP and UDP 64 FreeBSD 3. For me it make sense to set ttl-security hop 1 , because router is sending SYN with TTL 255, neighboring router decrements TTL to 254, and it still has to be accepted The TTL value represents the number of network hops (routers or gateways) the packet can traverse before it is discarded. This number is guessed in assumption that remote hops send reply packets with initial ttl set to either 64, or 128 or 255 (which seems a common practice). As the packet passes through each hop, the TTL value is decremented by one. Fungsi dari program ping adalah untuk mencoba apakah komputer yang satu dengan yang lainnya telah terhubung Tips Belajar Mikrotik tanpa Perlu Punya Router Board Mikrotik. If the TTL reaches 0, the router should send back an ICMP “time exceeded” message. 80 bytes from 10. ≦ 225. Chào các bạn, TTL bằng 64, 128 hay 255 là tuỳ thuộc vào thiết bị mà ta ping đến nếu bạn ping các thiết bị Router thì đa phần Default là 255, các hệ điều hành họ Unix cũng vậy, Ping trong cùng LAN của Windows 2000 thì default là TTL = 128. For proper addressing the router also needs the network mask value, id est which bits of the complete IP address refer to the address of the host, and which - to the address of the network. As for all the strange TTLs I've seen mentioned, maybe they're When a packet arrives at a router and the TTL, when decremented, expires the receiving router (if allowed to do so by configuration) sends an ICMP type 11 back to the origin of the IP packet which expired (ie, the host that sent the ICMP echo in the first place) and informs the host, via information in subsequent ICMP fields, details about the This is rather strange. 64. dns, ttl=59, but =hops 10, initial ttl=64,i. According to our observation, some IP packets have an s ≦ 255. Además, un TTL de 64 puede ser más eficiente en términos de ancho de banda. Initial TTL values of popular operating systems. ≦ 30, or 64 < t. any other TTL value; what they’re trying to do is determine if you’re tethering, and most smartphones and hotspots add a hop so you end up presenting a TTL of 63 to the carrier, which then blocks/downgrades you. If the TTL value reaches zero, the router discards the packet and sends an ICMP “Time Exceeded” message back to the source device. · Set it to 255; this is what current Berkeley Unix systems do. The value is decremented on each router on the way. The source device sets an initial TTL value when creating a packet. This rule came straight from the Mikrotik wiki, and is intended to mask devices behind the router and make it look like a phone. And chances are, that if the packet hasn't The number of hops a packet travels before being discarded by a network is known as the time to live (TTL)or hop limit. With a TTL set to 1, the first router in a path will report back that the packet has expired. En última instancia, la elección entre TTL 64 y TTL 128 dependerá de las necesidades específicas de tu red. e. 1: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=64 Reply from 192. If at any point the TTL count is equal to zero after the subtraction, the router will discard the packet and send an ICMP message back to the originating host. 88. For example: If you ping an Linux Host and there are 12 Hops between, than the TTL is 64-12 = 52. 1: icmp_req=2369 ttl=64 time=1239 ms 64 bytes from 192. It even can be used to fingerprint a device. all. – Mark Knight. 255, so contrary to your question, not every router has the same IP address. TTL 64 จะเป็น ระบบ Linux หรือ Router ขนาดเล็กๆ TTL 256 เป็น Router ขนาดกลาง และ ใหญ่ เช่นถ้าเราปิง 203. October 20, 2012. Similarly for packets generated in response (which should again start with a TTL of 64). 1 (10. Does it mean that Yahoo is 255-51= 204 hops away form my machine. Since the router's WAN IP address is one hop away, and I expect TTL to get decremented by one for each hop, so a PING reply of TTL=64 would be correct if my router is transmitting with TTL of 65. Spoof LAN TTL Value: Overwrite outgoing packets TTL to the router default 64, making it look like there was no hop before hitting the ISP. 1 is most common default gateway for routers? [closed] Extend the TTL Value: Extended cache time. In many cases, routers are designed to Por otro lado, si tu red tiene pocos routers y los paquetes no necesitan viajar largas distancias, un TTL de 64 puede ser suficiente. I've also reset the router, no difference. 1: icmp_req=2370 ttl=64 time=1098 ms 64 bytes from 192. 8. In our topology, Host 1 could send a Hello Experts, My question to you is on the Ping's default TTL. For example, if TTL column shows 119, then it means that Hi, I'm experimenting with a new GL-X3000 and would like to have traffic use a TTL of 64 going out of the modem. ถ้าเรา ping www. 6: It depends on many factors like distance, no. This is because traceroute exploits the expiration of TTL to get routers to give us information about where the packet is. Apa itu Time to Live (TTL)? Pengertian dan Penjelasan TTL. The initial TTL is set by the OS. The maximum TTL value is 255, the maximum value of a single octet. As far as I understood TTL value of the packet decreases by one when it goes thru every AS( it can be many routers in AS) so if between Australia and USA are 35 BGP automous systems TTL will be decremented The TTL header amounts for 8 bits or 1-byte of data. The initial value is TTLusually 64,128255. Reply from 10. If you know a reason, pray tell. once the message goes back to: Reply from 10. Every Hop reduces the TTL by at least 1. A typical (IPv4) address consists of four octets. 0 dns-server 8. It is important to note that the new TTL value must be an integer between 1 and 255. Different operating systems support different default TTL values; however, administrators can modify TTL values based on organizational use cases, preferences or requirements. A packet is the fundamental unit of information transport in all modern computer networks, and increasingly in other communications networks as well. and each router hop will decrease TTL Value by 1. Commented Jan 22 for IPv6:. ipv6. 32. Each IP packet you send out has a TTL field, which is set to some initial value (in most cases this will be 64). However, these values are overwritten by interface-specific names such as net. It informs the network router if the packet should be kept in the network for an excessive amount of time or deleted. 255 and 172. In current practice you can expect each router in the Internet to decrement the TTL field by exactly one. Here are some examples: 120. The other answer here says, "You should do the same with ipv6" but this does not work. 1: bytes=32 time=2ms TTL=64 Request timed out. g. 7: RTT is measured in milliseconds. Secara default nilai TTL adalah 64 maksimal adalah 255, nilai ttl akan terus berkurang 1 setiap melewati satu router dan jika nilai ttl 1 maka tidak akan diteruskan (diforward) oleh router. I am pinging a remote host from my WindowsXP system. Common starting values include 64, 128 and 255. Each time a packet passes a router, the TTL field is decremented by one. However, it looks like the TTL should actually be 64, since the chain is postrouting. google. Router A, recognizing the packet's intent to traverse the network, engages in TTL management. The TCP/IP specification recommends setting the TTL field for IP packets to 64, but many systems use smaller values (4. It only gives an indicated of the number of routers between your computer and the target In my home network, 192. The TTL field is decremented by one at each intermediate node along the path the packet takes. 10 (2015): 64 for TCP, UDP and ICMP Windows XP (2001): 128 for TCP, UDP and ICMP Windows 10 (2015): 128 for TCP, UDP and ICMP Windows If the decremented TTL reaches 0, the router discards the packet and typically sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to the sender. 90. Linux uses 64, Windows 128 and Routers 255. 1 Pinging 203 But when I ping router, I receive ttl 64. In such a case, the router that dropped the IP packet for which the TTL reached 0 sends an Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) message type 11 and code 0 (time exceeded) to the originator of the IP packet. Time-To-Live หรือ TTL เป็นค่าที่อยู่ใน IP Header มีค่าสูงสุดเท่ากับ 255 ถูกกำหนดขึ้นเพื่อใช้ป้องกันกรณีที่มี Loop ในระดับ Layer 3 เมื่อถึงค่าที่กำหนด Packet จะถูก drop ทิ้งไป Different systems have different starting values for the TTL value (common values are 64 or 255), and as the packet traverses the internet the value gets decreased by 1 every hop it makes over an router, and the packet self destructs at a TTL at 1 or 0. 0/24. Every time an IP packet passes through a router, the time to live field is decremented by 1. I would have expected to see BGP packets being sent towards 172. This how Operating Systems can be detected using Ping Command. 9K. 1) 72(100) bytes of data. It is printed as a negate value in a form In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus the number of routers in the round-trip path. As the packet embarks on its journey, it encounters Router A, its gateway to the wider network. The 'ping' command shows you the received TTL after it has already gone through this decrementing. As far as I can tell modems do not decrement the TTL. 4, 4. I. As u/rankinrez suggested, I could increase my TTL on connected devices by 1, this should fix that xD In general, an IP packet passes through less than 30 routers before it reaches a destination host. The sending host sets the initial TTL value as an eight-binary digit field in the packet header. The TTL field is set by the sender of the datagram, and reduced by every router on the I have a Mangle rule set up in one of my routers with LTE to change postrouting packets to have a TTL of 65. the duration of processing by all nodes of my package was about 5 seconds (Somewhere, for example, 0. If the data packet is passed along too many times, its numerical value will reach zero. This is actually helpful for network/security analysts to understand which Operating system is When the TTL reaches zero routers will discard the packet. GL. Reply from 192. This ping cmd not only tells us if we can reach the device over the network but also how long it took and if packets were lost or not. 0 ICMP 64 Cisco ICMP 254 DEC Pathworks V5 TCP and UDP 30 Foundry ICMP 64 FreeBSD 2. 255 BSDI BSD/OS 3. TTLIf the value is 0, the routerresponsible party returns a ICMPmessage to inform the sender that TTLthe value is exhausted . Traceroute would not exist without TTL. time=87. Windows is 128, and the default for most other things is 64, including Linux and mac. Ping merupakan singkatan dari Packet Internet Groper, yaitu suatu aplikasi utilitas yang disediakan oleh micosoft windows yang berfungsi sebagai pemeriksa koneksi jaringan dengan berbasis Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol(TCP/IP). I'd need that to be 64. value between 0 and 255 inclusive). 1. TTL values can range from 1 to 255. default. Sometimes the TTL value is less than 127 and some times its close to Default TTL and Hop Limit Values. This can quite easily be achieved by setting a TTL value of 64 on the The first router that receives the packet decrements TTL, sees that TTL is now zero, drops the packet and (hopefully) builds an ICMP Time Exceeded (type 11, code 0) to return to the sender. TTLThe purpose of existence is to prevent data packets from entering an infinite loop and wasting The maximum TTL value is 255, the maximum value of a single octet. What is TTL 126? The TTL value is an 8-bit field, which means it can contain a value between 0 and 255. Setting up my friends GL. When the TTL is reduced to 0, the router does not drop the packet. 1: bytes=32 time=20ms TTL=64 Request timed out. 244. 1: icmp_req=2368 ttl=64 time=132 ms 64 bytes from 192. 10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=127 When this happens I loose my SSH connection to the server and can not longer connect to it. , 255/64). 31. To obtain Maksud dari percobaan dan hasil ping diatas adalah : # pinging 202. 1: bytes=32 time=3ms TTL=64 Reply from 192. 8 default-router 192. (TTL) kan? Pastinya kalian sering sekali melakukan ping saat mengkonfigurasi jaringan dan output yang muncul pada ping tersebut salah satunya berupa TTL. The default TTL value varies between different operating system. This value determines the number of hops that the packet can traverse. 1. TTL berfungsi untuk memberi tahu resolver server berapa lama ia harus menyimpan catatan tersebut dalam cache-nya. Did you know that we can identify which operating system is running on a remote system by simply pinging it? Yes! In this brief guide, we will see how to determine operating system with TTL value and Ping command. 3BSD uses 30, 4. When a packet is by a router, the router subtracts 1 from the TTL count. 10: bytes=32 time=1ms TTL=63 During an extended ping the message will change to: Reply from 10. 0 – 10. However, different operating systems support setting different defaults. Every time a router receives a packet, it subtracts one from the TTL count and then passes it onto the next location in the network. The datagram’s TTL field is set by the sender and re Without TTL, packets could loop infinitely between routers because of routing misconfigurations or a routing loop. TTL column in TTL or Time To Live is an 8-bit field found in the header of IPv4 packets that is used to prevent packets from looping forever within an IP network. When I ping inside my LAN the default TTL is set to 64 and when I Ping to yahoo , in the reply packet I see TTL of 51. com, I get a ttl value of 55: 64 bytes from 173. It depends on system, It is set initially by the system which is sending the packet. ? However, note that there are also reserved IP addresses from 10. TTL today, it has 8bit = 255 ( max TTL ). So if you receive a TTL = 250 then the origin Most probably set it to 255 and the packet travelled through 5 routers. This method The TTL is usually set to 255 or 64 by the initial sender (depending upon the OS of the sending device). 1 and 4. còn ping mà TTL = 64 thì mình chỉ thấy trong các Modem ADSL nối vào mạng qua Ethernet. A host sets a TTL at a resonable number that should be the most hops a packet would ever take to another host, and at every hop the TTL decrements by 1. In this case the TTL value in the received packet will be 255 minus the number of routers in the path from the remote system to the pinging host. 16. hop_limit. Whatever IP network a particular host is on, that host can always use this IP address to send a packet to every node on the Local Network. However, it appears that this isn’t occurring. 0 ICMP 255 FreeBSD 5 ICMP 64 HP-UX 9. Each time a router makes a decision on which network to route a packet to, it decreases the packet's TTL by one. 127. Once it hits 0 the router will drop the packet and sends an So if the original value was 255, and the packet went through a single router, the TTL value then becomes 254. such as routers, the TTL value is systematically reduced. From its value you can have the idea of ‘how far’ the scanned host is from you, in number of routers/nodes. 255: juniper: ICMP: 64: MPE/IX (HP) ICMP The Local Broadcast IP address is 255. The ping you see in the shell is the echo response. and. 1 PING 10. They set max TTL on every network today. Normal behavior is for clients to use a TTL of 64, which is decremented by 1 by the router, causing packets to leave the modem interface with TTL value 63. I ping all pcs and received TTL=128, but except 1 pc (XP1), I got TTL=64. 39 dengan 32 bytes data Each time a packet passes through a router, the TTL value decreases by one. Is there an exception I am missing? occurs. Network gear is usually either 64 or 255, but The TTL value most likely set to 64 when the DNS sent the response packet in the beginning. Put simply, every data packet in the network has a specific numerical value that restricts the time of ttl=100: The Time to Live value from 1 to 255. The common TTL stands for "Time to Live" and in short is simply a decremental count of how many times a interwebz packet of data jumps from one device to the next to get to its TTL, or time to live, is a value included in each Internet Protocol data packet. G. And to quote RFC 1700: If the default TTL value is set to 255, then the packet will be dropped after 255 retries. TTL is measured in seconds. On many systems the initial value is 64, 128 or 255. 90199. iNet Spitz for t-mobile BYOD Tablet Plan: Should my TTL rules look like this: iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o rmnet_mhi0 ! -p icmp -j TTL --ttl-set 64 ip6tables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o rmnet_mhi0 ! -p icmpv6 -m hl ! --hl-eq 255 -j HL --hl-set 64 or should my rules look like this: iptables -t mangle -I POSTROUTING -o rmnet_mhi0 ! -p The TTL field is set by the sender of the datagram, and reduced by every router > on the route to its destination. The default TTL value has not been decremented, which means there are no additional hops between hosts 192. 101 and [edit] d@mn, ping 192. 10. If I use the PING command from the router network tools and PING the WAN IP address, I receive replies with a TTL of 64. [2] [3] The time-to-live value can be thought of as an upper bound on the time that an IP datagram can exist in an Internet system. Note: For some carriers, they will require the particular TTL and HL for internet connection. 0 – 172. (ie. However, in the specific case where the packet's destination is another interface of the same router, it's a matter of how the router's software handles this situation. When you assign a TTL to your packet data, it carries this number as a numerical value in seconds. 2, 4. 103: icmp_seq=68 ttl=55 time=16. 6 Time to live (TTL) refers to the amount of time or “hops” that a packet is set to live inside a network before it is removed by a router. If set to 64, it will be dropped after 64 retries. of hops, server response time etc. In general, routers don’t just set the TTL to whatever they want, they usually decrement the TTL by 1. Why 65 rather than 64? This is postrouting, so aren’t most carriers expecting 64? The idea is that the carriers are looking for “TTL of 63 (or less?)” vs. ≦ 98, or 128 < t. So there will be a difference in TTL. The maximum TTL value is 255. 7 states explicitly that a host must not send an IP packet with If I ping my wireless router continually, I get something like the following: 64 bytes from 192. The PC(XP1) is able to access other pc and has the access to internet as well. Number of unique IP TTL Maximum value that can be set to TTL is 255 since its the maximum value that we can produce with 8-bits. 1 ICMP 255 BSDI BSD/OS 3. Table 1. So, for router>modem I use TTL/HL of 64, for router>phone I use 65, as it leaves the phone as 64. Every single device that your packet "hops" through will remove a value of 1 (one) from the packets current TTL value. I use the same values for both IPV4 & IPV6, I can't understand why they'd be different values. It represents the number of networks hops a packet can take before a router discards it. 1: Overview. Basing on these statement, I would assume all requests will be dropped if I am more than 255 hopes away in any configuration. 102 is 255, so the host is likely a Cisco router. eth0. The ping command is one of the most used commands by IT professionals to test the network connection. 0 255. 0x เปลี่ยน Router ใหม่ครับลองปิงดูตัวเลขมันต่างกันมากเลยสงสัยครับ tomson 536 ได้ TTL 64 Ling sys wag 200g ได้ TTL 255 ก่อนหน้านี้ใช้ D-LING 2640T ก็ได้เท่าเนี้ย Network administrators can set the time-to-live value from 1 to 255, with 255 being the maximum value. Can someone explain to me in details on what basis the TTL value is displayed when we ping a remote host. 0 TTL value is TTL=53, By making the Sum of TTL value and number of hops we can define the operating system (53 + 11 = 64), we can conclude that there is a Linux Machine Running. Different platforms set initial TTL value to different values, however the most common ones are 64, 128, and 255. To change them all, use:. The maximum range for packets is indicated by TTL values. Edited October 6 For instance, Cisco routers generate signature < 255, 255 > Which I can connect directly to my PC with usb-c and run my phone's tethering through that to do the TTL mangling. ip dhcp pool golinuxcloud_clients network 192. This expiration notice includes the IP address of the router. IP addresses serve for general host identification purposes in IP networks (). This The TTL value set by the host 192. The time-to-live (TTL) is the number of hops that a packet is permitted to travel before being discarded by a router. Set it to 255; this is what current Berkeley Unix systems do. TRACERT receives the ICMP, records the IP address of the router that returned it and the elapsed time between the original send and the reply. How Does TTL Work? When a device originates an IP packet, it assigns an initial TTL value. 4. You could add a wifi router if you need to do other wireless devices. 3. The fingerprint technique we used is from [35], identifying the vendor of a router based on the response TTL from ICMP echo-request and Time exceeded message (e. In most cases, the initial TTL value is a number ranging between 32 and 64. TTL is mostly used in systems where endless loops are possible or updates must be forced in certain intervals. 120 veos1#ping 10. hop_limit and net. bxnv egaqlvs daqvqo osyqwf wfmfipe zeada vaoe qhgug xnfuka guzo