Pongamia tree uses. The flowers are used by gardeners as compost for plants.

Pongamia tree uses 60. Pongamia is a legume species which has the ability to fix nitrogen which enhances the soil nutrient content and also stimulates the productivity of the An ancient tree from India is now thriving in groves where citrus trees once flourished in Florida, and could help provide the nation with renewable energy. Pongamia's non-edible "Karanja oil" has properties similar to conventional diesel, but with cleaner emissions, nonopolyaromatic, with lesser toxic smoke and soot. Its wood is white colored. The root paste is applied locally to treat scrofulous enlargement. pinnata plant are said to be used to treat bronchitis, whooping cough, rheumatism, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, gonorrhea and In this article we will discuss about the Pongamia pinnata :- common name, scientific name, medicinal uses and photos. It is drought resistant, nitrogen-fixing leguminous tree known to withstand water logging and mild frost, with high tolerance to salinity. It may be deciduous for short periods. However, yields vary Pongamia pinnata is an evergreen Tree growing to 20 m (65ft) by 20 m (65ft) at a fast rate. The U. (Leguminosae, Papilionaceae), a medium sized glabrous tree, popularly known as karanja, is an important shade tree of India. It is a drought Pongamia pinnata is a multipurpose legume tree indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, south East Asia and one of the non-edible oil yielding tree with high potential for seed yield ( 20,000 seeds/ Pongamia is an evergreen Tree growing to 20 m (65ft) by 20 m (65ft) at a fast rate. Compound leaves with large leaflets and numerous /blister like galls inhabited by insect larva. 1. , 2010). The tree is treasured for The Use of Pongamia Leaves in Traditional Medicine and Ayurveda. It is hardy to UK zone 10. ) (7), grows wild on seashores and along inland waterways from India and Malaysia to northern Australia, the Philippines and Polynesia. It is typically found in open woodlands and along watercourses in India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. In the US, pongamia was introduced back in the 1920’s when it was planted as an ornamental. Home; Biology Study Material; PG TRB Botany ; Pongamia pinnata Medicinal Uses. Pongamia is also resistant to pests, has a low cost to produce, can withstand droughts, and thrives in wet areas while needing much less irrigation than citrus trees. lycopersicum L Pongamia pinnata is an evergreen Tree growing to 20 m (65ft) by 20 m (65ft) at a fast rate. As a superior source of fertilizer in organic agriculture, Pongamia pinnata Young pongamia trees grow in a grove in St. It is adapted to tropical and subtropical climates. , 2009, Pavithra et al. It first crossed the CleanTechnica radar back in 2012 under the name pongam, when we took note of the Pongamia pinnata, locally known Bani Tree in the Philippines, named after a town in Pangasinan, is a legume tree that grows to about 50–80 feet in height. It has a wide spreading canopy making and fragrant flowers making it ideal for ornamental The pongamia tree is a fast-growing evergreen tree with a wide canopy that can reach 30 to 40 feet in height and does well in the sandy soil found across Florida. Japanese refiner Idemitsu Kosan announced it will launch a trial plantation of non-edible oilseed tree crop Pongamia in Queensland, Australia from this January to evaluate its suitability as a potential feedstock for sustainable Karanj tree & Karanja oil uses- क्या आप जानते है करंज के पेड़ के फायदों के बारे में। आचार्य बाल कृष्ण द्वारा जानिए करंज तेल, करंज बीज के फायदे, नुकसान व कैसे करें करंज पौधा Pongamia tree is used as lumber, and the plant is also known for its fish -poisoning properties. SAHRAWAT & S. 53 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent. In this article we will discuss about the Pongamia pinnata :- common name, scientific name, medicinal uses and photos. The leaves contain 18% crude protein and is eaten by cattle and goats. The latter is stimulated by a local biofuel extension program (Biofuel Program), which promotes pongamia cultivation and use of its oil for biofuel (Dalemans et al. Also, they flourish, rain or shine. , 2008). The tree is also known as [12] Uses Different sections of the Pongamia pinnata have been utilized as traditional treatments for whooping cough, rheumatoid arthritis, bronchitis and diabetic twins. List of various diseases cured by Pongamia Pinnata. Threats The pods of a pongamia tree are ready to pick at a grove, Thursday, June 6, 2024, in St. The juice of the leaves, shoots and bark is used as traditional medicine. Representational. Its extracts have exhibited a wide range of 10 of 16 | . We create non-GMO culinary oil and plant protein from pongamia trees - a legume tree native to Asia that is Pongamia tree flowering 1. Suitable for: light (sandy), medium (loamy) and heavy (clay) soils and prefers well-drained soil. Fatty acids are present in pongamia oil, and nutrients are present in the leaf. Moreover, pongamia trees store carbon and produce nitrogen for healthy soils. Native to northern parts of Queensland and the Northern Territory, t his hardy legume tree now offers an opportunity for production as a sustainable, lower emission alternative to non-renewable transport fuels. Yields. leguminous tree Pongamia pinnata syn. [6] Pongamia pinnata is one tree legume that is drawing attention as a possible biofuel feedstock (Scott et al. It has also been planted as a street tree, but dropping pods often litter the ground. Written by Daniel Palacios, Sandra M. Milettia pinnata (pongamia) has potential for producing biofuel while simultaneously restoring degraded land. Its botanical name is Pongamia pinnata. ) Pierre [1] புங்கை அல்லது புங்கு அல்லது பூந்தி அல்லது கிரஞ்ச மரம் (Millettia pinnata) என்னும் இத்தாவரம் பட்டாணி சார்ந்துள்ள பேபேசியேக் குடும்பத்தைச் சார்ந்� Another multipurpose leguminous tree with non-edible oil, Pongamia (Pongamia pinnata), grows all over India. It has a straight or crooked trunk, 50–80 cm in diameter, with grey-brown bark, which is smooth or vertically fissured. FORDIA Research Forest in Parungpanjang, Bogor Regency, Indonesia/Yusuf Bahtimi. This versatile plant has a wide range of medicinal properties and is used to treat various health Pongamia pinnata (P. Recently, interest in Pongamia focused on its potential as a biofuel source as its seeds contain around 40% oil. An ancient tree from India is now thriving in groves where citrus trees once Indian Beech tree (Botanical Name: Pongamia pinnata (L. How Pongamia Pinnata is effective for various diseases is listed in repertory format. ) Pierre pongam, karanj, karanga, kanji TREE MANAGEMENT Seedling survival and growth benefit from annual weed control for the first 3 years after transplanting. At a nursery near Fort Pierce, workers skilled in pongamia grafting techniques affix a portion of the mother tree to a pongamia rootstock, which ensures the genetics and desired characteristics of the mother tree are What Is a Bani Tree? The Bani Tree (Pongamia pinnata), also known as the Indian Beech tree, is a medium-sized tree native to tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, particularly India, Southeast Asia, and Australia. L. 5 years after planting in a trial plot in Buntoi, Pulang Pisau, Central Kalimantan. pinnata) roots are useful for cleaning teeth, treating ulcers, strengthening gum, and gonorrhea. Its leaves are pinnate and its flowers are white. Pongamia pinnata is well-adapted to arid zones, and has many traditional uses. , Habitat & Nutrition. Karanja is known by different names in different parts of the world. May 17, 2022 May 17, 2022 by Rajkumar. Bani trees are often used as a windbreak or as a shade owing to their large canopy and attractive The pods of a pongamia tree are ready to pick at a grove, Thursday, June 6, 2024, in St. We applied Pongamia pinnata (also called Indian Beech, among many other common names) is a perennial tree native to India and Southeast Asia. According to the firm involved in the production, the trees do not need any fertilizer or pesticides. Leaves are digestive, stomach, antihelmintic and are suitable for diarrhea, leprosy, dyspepsia and In conclusion, the pongamia tree is a remarkable species that shows promise in restoring Indonesia’s degraded lands. By harnessing the power of pongamia, The wide-canopied pongamia tree boasts glossy leaves and oil-rich seeds that are now being used for biofuel and other resources. In the wild, the Pongam tree, which is native to southern Japan and China, southeast Asia, Pakistan India, Malaysia, northern Australia, the Philippines, and Polynesia, grows on a variety of land types from dry, rocky sea shores to inland waterway shores in tropical and subtropical regions. A well grown up tree of 5-10 years can yield 10-50 kg of seeds per tree. It was introduced into Hawaii by Hillebrand in the 1860#s. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Pongam is a fast-growing evergreen tree which reaches 40 feet in height and spread, forming a broad, spreading canopy casting moderate shade (Fig. Trunk Diameter: The trunk of Pongamia is thick and sturdy, with a diameter that can range from 50 to 80 centimetres. Also Read: Amalbedha: Uses, Benefits, Effect On Doshas, Dosage, Side-effects, And Precautions. It is a multipurpose leguminous tree that has non-edible oil. Pongamia vs. Use and Trade (see Appendix for additional information) Pongamia pinnata is being cultivated for the seed oils which are used in biofuels. Share . However, the seeds which are contained within the oval, 1 ¼-2-inch-long, brown seedpods are poisonous, a fact which should The pongamia tree is among the next-generation energy crops to offer a more sustainable model. Pongamia is an oilseed tree that is native to Australia and India. Considered to be Pongamia, a leguminous, oilseed-bearing tree, is a potential resource for renewable fuels in general and sustainable aviation fuel in particular. Skip to content. Scientists wake up to pongamia’s potentials, from fueling jets to improving coffee quality by Monica Pongamia, fully written as Pongamia pinnata, is a legume tree that produces up to 10,000–40,000 oil-rich seeds per tree and grows quickly at the vegetative stage. 3. Pongamia trees grow in a former citrus grove, Thursday, June 6, 2024, in St. The tree is treasured for its seed oil, which has medicinal and lubricating properties and the potential to be utilized as biofuel. Its ability to thrive in harsh conditions, provide biofuel, support shade-grown coffee, contribute to carbon sequestration, and offer potential food sources makes it a valuable asset for sustainable development. The leaves of this versatile tree possess a range of therapeutic properties that have been harnessed to treat - The native pongamia tree displays abundant seed set and oil-rich seed, together with a lifespan of more than 35 years in full production with high-yielding annual harvests - Historically, pongamia has been exploited for a variety of household uses, now its potential as a biofuel, biomass, stockfeed and carbon sequester is being explored Bani, Pongamia pinnata, Pongam oil tree, Shui huang pi: Philippine Herbal Medicine - An illustrated compilation of Philippine medicdinal plants by Dr Godofredo Umali Stuart, with botanical information, chemical properties, folkloric uses and scientific studies. This paper aims to address the scientific knowledge gap on pongamia by exploring its potential as a biofuel and for restoring degraded land in Indonesia. The ancient tree, native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia, is now thriving in groves where citrus ''Pongamia pinnata'' is a legume tree that grows to about 15–25 m in height with a large canopy that spreads equally wide and creates dense shade. ) Merr. Common name; Scientific Pongamia pinnata (L. 84 tonnes/ ha (approximately) and it’s carbon sequestration potential across the country is 2. ) Pierre. It is drought resistant, nitrogen-fixing leguminous tree known to withstand water logging and mild frost, with high tolerance to The pongamia tree produces a legume that is related to beans, peas, and lentils. , 2019b). FILE - The pods of a pongamia tree are ready to pick at a grove, June 6, 2024, in St. The ancient tree, native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia, is now thriving in groves where citrus trees once flourished in Pongamia trees are a resilient, inexpensive, low-maintenance & environmentally-friendly crop. It has a dense, spreading habit and grows to a height of up to 15 m. Additionally It yields fruits and seeds by the 4th to 7th year, with seed yield from 10-250 kilos per tree. This degraded land may require restoration. Karanja twigs were used as toothbrush in ancient times. Pongamia glabra: Constituents & Uses* B. The leguminous tree Pongamia pinnata syn. Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) is a medium-sizedglabrous tree with a short bole and spreading crown and found almost throughout India up to an altitude of 1200 m. Its various parts, such as leaves, seeds, and bark, have been used to treat ailments Traditionally, different parts of the P. A pongamia tree orchard can absorb 115 metric tons of carbon per acre over 30 years, making it one of the most sustainable commercial sources of edible oil and plant protein. It is used as a biofuel, especially in biodiesel production. Citrus had been Florida's premier crop for years until disease caught up with it starting in the Pongamia pinnata (L. Pongamia prevents ulcers by protecting damage from aspirin. ) Pierre (Fabacae) is popularly known as Karanj or Karanja in Hindi, and as Indian beech, Pongam seed oil tree, or Hongay seed oil tree in English. Pongamia Pinnata fresh bark is Pongamia pinnata has a long history of use in traditional medicine in India and neighboring regions. This plant also has many medicinal uses, for example, bactericide, stomach aches, tonic, used against fever, arthritis, bronchitis, herpes and rheumatism. The pongamia tree is a fast-growing, medium-sized evergreen tree indigenous to Southeast Asia, and subtropical and tropical Pongamia is a legume tree with sees containing oils and fatty acids suitable for biodiesel production. calculated that the amount of carbon sequestered by one Pongamia pinnata tree was 0. It is often used for landscaping as a windbreak or for shade due to the large canopy and showy, fragrant flowers. Suitable pH: mildly acid, neutral and basic (mildly alkaline) soils and can grow in very alkaline and saline soils. Milettia pinnata) is attracting attention for its sustainable credentials. Pongamia produces large quantities of seeds. 3). Being a legume, it fixes nitrogen into the soil and is often used as a windbreak between fields on farms. Its reddish-brown seeds, which grow in deep-brown pods, yield an orange-tinged oil when pressed, which has been used for F or centuries, pongamia has been used across the Indian subcontinent to fuel lanterns and stoves, make soap and tan leathers, and in traditional medicine 1. Its substantial height makes it an ideal shade tree, especially in agroforestry systems. It is also planted as ornamental tree. They produce a legume that is high in protein and healthy, high-oleic vegetable oil. The punga poo is also known as Karanja. Print. Pongamia pinnata is a fast-growing, wide-canopied leguminous tree and a member of the pea family, which grows to about 15 to 20 meters (50 to 65 feet) in height and is traditionally used for fuelwood, animal fodder, shade and soil enrichment. It This publication addresses the influence of irrigation scheduling on water use, plant growth, and development for young pongamia trees (Millettia pinnata (L. as lignocellulosic ller that can be further Pongamia pinnata (L. It can fix Nitrogen. A hot infusion of the Pongamia pinnata is an evergreen or briefly deciduous, perennial, multipurpose, leguminous shrub or tree reaching 15-25 m in height. In addition to having a high carbon sequestration potential, which can help to mitigate the impact of climate change, pongamia trees are in the legume family and, like lentils and American farmers are using an ancient tree from India to produce beans that can be used to make protein-rich foods and biofuels. . It also has the potential to produce a sustainable biofuel. The Pongam Tree, scientifically known as Pongamia pinnata, is a versatile and valuable resource with a rich history of traditional medicinal use. Gilman and Dennis G. Different parts of the plant have been used in traditional medicine, for bronchitis, whooping cough, rheumatic joints, and to quench dyspepsia in diabetes. Fruit a woody pod with single seed. ) Pierre [family: Leguminosae] is a medium –sized glabrous tree popularly known as Karanja in Hindi, Indian beech in English and Pongam in Tamil. The tree which is commonly found in India has been thriving in Florida's once citrus groves. Wood Pongamia logs serve as the raw material for wood our . glabra Vent, nom Meg. Discover its role in biodiversity conservation, medicinal properties, and sustainable resource management. Oil is used as The pong am tree, Pongamia pinnata (Linn. The leftover portion of Pongamia seeds contains up to 30 per Pongamia pinnata Figure 1. Its native range is from tropical and subtropical Asia to the Southwestern Pacific, although the extent of the native range is uncertain due to a long history of cultivation and transport. Height: Pongamia typically grows between 12 to 15 metres in height, though it can reach up to 25 metres under optimal conditions. The root is effective Karanj, also known as Indian beech or Pongamia pinnata, is a medium-sized tree that has been used in traditional medicine for centuries. Department of Agriculture received seeds from Sri Lanka in 1910, from Mauritius in 1911, from Pongamia can supplant the expansion of oil palm and soybean acreage and avoid deforestation. Names of Pongamia Pinnata in various languages of the world are also given. A native of South-East Asia, and predominantly cultivated in the Indian sub-continent, this oil seed tree legume produces profuse quantities of seeds that are rich in oil, of a composition (predominantly oleic acid C18:1) desirable for biodiesel production (Scott et al. The bark is rough and greyish Tree with dense globose canopy, Bark smooth and greyish brown. As large parts of the Sunshine State Young pongamia trees grow in a grove in St. Uncover the conservation status, threats such as These beautiful blossoms and the glossy, nearly-evergreen leaves help make pongam a favorite for use as a specimen, shade, or windbreak. Lucie County on June 6. ) (Family: Fabaceae), is a native species of India which can be grown in diverse tropical and subtropical marginal lands of the world. It has a crooked trunk, having 50–80 cm in diameter, with grey-brown bark, which is smooth or vertically fissured. It is used for cabinet making, cart wheels, agricultural implements, and tool handles. , Thursday, June 6, 2024. Pongamia pinnata, also known as the Indian beech or karanja tree, has been a cornerstone of traditional medicine and Ayurvedic practices for centuries. K. The flowering of Karanja generally starts after 3-4 years with small clusters of white, pink, and Botanical Name : Pongamia pinnata grow for its pod which yields oil of 20-25 per cent. The present work characterizes physicochemical properties of reproductive materials (seeds and pods) from pongamia trees grown in different environments at five locations on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, Pongamia tree products and their various uses. It contains number of phytochemicals, From the Pongamia tree, oil is obtained, which in terms of physicochemical properties is similar to rapeseed oil commonly used as a raw material for the biodiesel production process. Pongamia offers a highly nutritious oil, a sustainable aviation fuel and plant-based proteins from its farms in the rural Florida. A medium-sized, tropical tree native to southern Asia with a spreading crown and white, pink or purple flowers The punga poo is scientifically known as Pongamia pinnata. Pongamia, fully written as Pongamia pinnata, is a legume tree that produces up to 10,000–40,000 oil-rich seeds per tree and grows quickly at the vegetative stage. 3. The three-inch-long, pinnately compound, glossy green leaves are briefly deciduous, dropping for Native to South Asia and Southeast Asian countries, the leguminous tree pongamia (Pongamia pinnata syn. In Indonesia, oil-rich pongamia tree gains attention growing where other species can’t. Its large canopy of branches and leaves spread wide, which makes it the perfect addition to verdant gardens. [6] An imminent biofuel tree Pongamia pinnata (L. Latin Pongamia, from the Malabar plant name, pongam; Latin pinnata, referring to the species’ pinnate leaves: Ethnobotanical Uses: Medicinal: The seeds produce pongam oil that is used as an illuminant and has medicinal properties. Pongamia cake includes secondary metabolites in addition to a wealth of minerals and amino acids. Synonym: Millettia pinnata, Pongamia Pongamia pinnata has been applied as crude drug for the treatment of tumors, piles, skin diseases, and ulcers (Rout et al. (P. Table of Contents. ) Pierre (Pongamia) is a tree native to Southeast Asia. Guzmán, Amir Rezazadeh, Liliana M. It has attractive clusters of flowers for ornamentation. S. Attributes Important Uses References Pongamia logs serve as the raw material for wood flour as lignocellulosic filler that can be further processed to produce wood–plastic Seeds for sale starting at € 6. The flowers are used by gardeners as compost for plants. The oil is also employed in medicine and agriculture. It has a straight or crooked trunk, 50–80 cm (20–30 in) in diameter, with grey-brown bark, which is smooth or vertically fissured. Pongam1 Edward F. “In addition to biodiesel and renewable jet fuel, pongamia can help further mitigate the impacts of climate change, acting as an effective carbon sink, while the seedpods can be used for biomass energy. Middle-aged Pongam. This value Pongamia tree products and their various uses. Lauren Guttierez, Flickr. It also Indonesia has 14 million ha of degraded and marginal land, which provides very few benefits for human wellbeing or biodiversity. The tree, called pongamia, is native to India, Southeast Asia and Young pongamia trees grow in a grove in St. Pongamia oil, derived from the seeds, has multiple applications. Carbon sequestration: Pongamia trees act as effective Karanja is an important Ayurvedic medicine, used predominantly in skin diseases. It may also provide diabetic patients with a safer anti-hyperglycemic drug. MUKERJEE Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012 PONGAMIA GLABRA Vent. If the value of all these outputs is added to the use of the protein meal as stockfeed, pongamia is likely to be very profitable. Common Names Of Karanja. India is the native of this tree, and it is widely distributed in Description. The ancient tree, native to India, Southeast Asia and Australia, is now thriving in groves where citrus Pongamia pinnata is a legume tree that grows to about 15–25 m (50–80 ft) in height with a large canopy that spreads equally wide and creates dense shade. Many mature trees can be observed in southern Florida on both coasts along freeways, in neighborhoods, and in state parks and shopping centers. ) Panigrahi). Regenerative Agriculture We help farmers feed people while taking care of the planet. Pongamia pinnata is a multipurpose legume tree indigenous to the Indian subcontinent, south East Asia and one of the non-edible oil yielding tree with high potential for seed yield (~20,000 seeds/tree) (Belide et al. Attributes Important uses References. PARMAR, K. The legume of the pongamia tree produces a plant-based protein high in Omega 9. It has potential to As you cultivate Pongamia trees, you’ll discover their multifaceted advantages: Soil erosion control: The extensive root system helps stabilize soil and prevent erosion. , 2013), while it is also commonly found on private and community lands (Fig. S. However, there is limited information on this potential for consideration. Compound leaves with large leaflets and numerous Pongamia pinnata Fabaceae - Papilionoideae (L. As large parts of the Sunshine State’s once-famous citrus industry have all but dried up over the past couple of decades due to greening and citrus canker, some farmers are turning to the pongamia tree, a climate-resilient tree with the potential to produce plant based Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients in Pongamia Pinnata. citrus. 1). Dive into its unique leaf structure, Ayurvedic and medicinal uses, natural dyes, skincare benefits, and more. Pongamia pinnata (L. It has varying levels of tolerance to drought, salinity, and heavy metals in soils. Food & Livelihoods . Uses - Wood is not considered as a quality timber. Lucie County, Fla. Oil manufactured from oilseeds of the legume portion of the pongamia tree is processed to an edible, currently non-GMO, oil as a novel functional food ingredient. Pongamia is a native forest tree in the region (Neginhal, 2004, Pavithra et al. It is currently being researched by the ARC Centre of Excellence for Integrative Legume Research as a feedstock for Explore the fascinating world of the Indian beech tree, or Pongamia pinnata, in this article. Cano, Lorenzo Rossi, and Alan Wright, and published by the UF/IFAS Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, In this study, the ability of pongamia oil derived from Pongamia pinnata (known also as Millettia pinnata) tree to alleviate the herbicide glyphosate toxicity effects in tomato (S. ) Pierre) is a deciduous legume that grows up to about 50–80 feet tall and is native to subtropical regions like India. Branches are glabrous with The pods of a pongamia tree are ready to pick at a grove, Thursday, June 6, 2024, in St. See above for USDA hardiness. The bark may be used to make twine or rope, and it also yields a See more Pongamia pinnata has multiple applications beyond biofuel production. Rajus Biology Menu. Pongamia oil is not edible oil, and is not At a nursery near Fort Pierce, workers skilled in pongamia grafting techniques affix a portion of the mother tree to a pongamia rootstock, which ensures the genetics and desired characteristics of the mother tree are perpetuated in all of Terviva's trees. Similar to neem oil, Pongamia oil possesses insecticidal characteristics and works against various pests and Elisabeth Beagle, Terviva's director of tree operations, places a newly grafted pongamia tree in a high- humidity greenhouse at the company's nursery, Thursday, June 6, 2024, in Fort Pierce, Fla. Some of its common English names are Millettia Pinnata, Panigrahi, Pongamia Pinnata, Cytisus Pinnatus, Pongamia glabra, Pongame Oiltree, Indian Beech, Pungai Next, the leaves of the Pongam tree exhibit anti-inflammatory qualities as well as anti-diarrheal activity; also, the leaf extracts are antioxidants. Growing across much of Asia, it’s known by many names: including Indian Beech, pongamia, Karum tree, kranji, and Pongamia pinnata is a legume tree that grows to about 15–25 m (50–80 ft) in height with a large canopy which spreads equally wide and creates dense shade. Pongamia by-products can be used as cattle feed supplement. woaou hvrs ufaeh zuzd rntqto kjhi ysvbma yawdli ywpxxt mcdz